Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies (O.History) WWW.IICHS.ORG Interview with Ali Dehghan, the Former Governor – General of Azarbaijan
Educational Changes During the Pahlavi period By: Morteza Rasouli
Ali Dehghan is one of the old academicians and graduates of high teacher’s college who has spent about 60 years of his life in cultural affairs and schools. In this conversation, while describing the cultural situation and expressing the existing problems on the way of development and extending the schools and educational centers, he proceeds to describe some memories about the first and second world wars, occupation of some parts of Iran’s territory by the foreign soldiers, the situation of Azarbaijan and announcing its autonomy by Pishevari, and criticizes the way by which the Azarbaijan’s governor- general, the ministers of culture, premiers and some other distinguished men in Pahlavi period functioned. Hossein Navaee also attended this conversation and we thank him for his cooperation. □ Most of the academicians know you as one of the initiators of Iran’s culture and also for services which you have rendered for establishment and equipment of schools during the past 50 – 60 years and remind you as one who has clearness, honesty and heart purity. Please tell us about your childhood. How was the family you grown up in it and what was the effect of your family an your future life? I was born in 1910 and I have belonged to a religious family inhabitant of Urumia. My maternal grandfather was the late Ayat–ol–lah Mirza Abutorab who was called Malek (king) by the natives. He was a free and pious cleric who had no altar and pulpit. Unfortunately I was in the worst and strongest unrests during my childhood which is said to have a considerable effect on the persons late ages and so the child should be raised in a calm and kind situation. You know that the first world war (1914 – 1918) changed its form by outbreak of Bolshevik Revolution in Ismael Agha Simitgho, the head of Kurd Shakak tribe, drew “marshimon” the leader of Assyrians toward Chehrigh to be united for constituting the Kurd government and killed him there. As the Christians has no access to Simitgho, they issued a general massacre notice for 24 hour time to retaliate. Thus, there was an indescribable terror prevailed on Urumia in the last Wednesday night of the year fell on February 18, 1918. No one slept on that night because the general massacre would begin tomorrow. One of the Assyrian tribes named as Jelohaye Khonkhar rushed to the city at night and were rejoicing with applause for tomorrow’s killing and plundering the people. On early morning, my mother brought her four sons, of whom two were older and one younger than me. We all went to house tops. House tops were full of children and women. We were hungry and thirsty till afternoon on the house top and then they said that the general massacre was finished. We returned to house but they had taken every things which were in the house. Even they had broken the lights. The appearance of house was dreadful. Meanwhile the door was strongly broken. My mother put her four children in bread baking oven. She also entered into the bread oven and told the servant to close the oven so if Jeloha would come, they would kill him before killing her children. This event was so dreadful which I can’t repeat it even after 80 years. □ The preliminaries of Azarbaijan’s autonomy and PisheVari were prepared in the same year. Regarding that you were responsible for culture administration of province at this time, it would be interesting to hear your memories. In one spring day of 1945, they telephoned from the Russian consulate and said that “Hashem F.” the Russian’s vice consul who was an inhabitant of However, “Hashemov” came on that day to invite me to the autonomous □ What was the behavior of culture authorities when you came to The first day that I went to the ministry of culture, in general director of the ministry of culture office (who had deceased. I don’t mention his name as he was one of the active writers and translators and has left so many books as a memorial) there were also some leftist members of culture ministry such as Kazem Saghafi and two others, whom I don’t remember their names, they began to reproach me for returning to Tehran and not cooperating with democrats in Azarbaijan! I was trying to convince them that in Azarbaijan, the Russians have the power in stead of Azarbaijan’s democrats and the Russians intended to take me to Finally I went to Vahid Tonkaboni, the then under-secretary of the ministry of culture to clear up my job. He ordered to the staff department to issue a “ministerial inspector” communiqué for me. I was happy for taking the communiqué because I supposed that the ministerial inspectors were to deal with cultural problems which the administrative inspectors couldn’t solve them. I went to the ministry next morning at 7 o’clock and asked for the ministerial inspectors’ department, they said that there was not such a department; the ministerial inspectors’ room was at that small courtyard of the ministry of culture’s garden and the room of the minister was also on that courtyard. I inquired about the room but when I reached there. I saw a big padlock on it. I walked for two hours until an old servant came and opened the door. When I entered he said: If you want to have a word with sirs, they wouldn’t come sooner than 10 o’clock. I walked through the garden’s courtyard one more hour until the ministerial inspectors came one after the other. I entered the room too. A big table was amid the room with chairs on its both sides. □ Do you remember the names of inspectors? As I remember they were Haj Ismael Amir Khizi, Mayel Toyserkani, Ahmad Aram, Shahidi, Nemat Dabirsiaghi, Abolghasem Shokraee, Hassan Ali Akbarnia, Taghi Taghavi and some other directors of culture whom I don’t remember their names now.
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